To encompass the history of Arabic practice of translation, this Element re-defines translation as combination, a process of meaning-remaking that synthesizes m

The remarkable extension in depth and width of Muslim intellectual life can be fathomed and measured only against the background of what went on immediately bef

The Routledge Handbook on the Sciences in Islamicate Societies provides a comprehensive survey on science in the Islamic world from the 8th to the 19th century.