Programmed cell death is a common pattern of growth and development in both animals and plants. However, programmed cell death and related processes are not as

The recognition of cell death as an active process has changed the way in which biologists view living things. Geneticists re-evaluate long known mutants, resea

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a genetically encoded, active process which results in the death of individual cells, tissues, or whole organs. PCD plays an esse

Plants depend on physiological mechanisms to combat adverse environmental conditions, such as pathogen attack, wounding, drought, cold, freezing, salt, UV, inte