"Over the past five hundred years, North Americans have increasingly turned to mining to produce many of their basic social and cultural objects. From cell phon

Over the past five hundred years, North Americans have increasingly relied on mining to produce much of their material and cultural life. From cell phones and c

Mineral wealth from the Americas underwrote and undergirded European colonization of the New World; American gold and silver enriched Spain, funded the slave tr

Mining History Association Clark C. Spence Award The mining industry in North America has a rich and conflicted history. It is associated with the opening of th

The Office of Industrial Technologies (OIT) of the U. S. Department of Energy commissioned the National Research Council (NRC) to undertake a study on required