This book focuses on private tutoring (sometimes also known as “shadow education”), an important but neglected topic in applied linguistics and language edu

In all parts of Asia, households devote considerable expenditures to private supplementary tutoring. This tutoring may contribute to students' achievement, but

Private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow education because of the way that it mimics mainstream schooling, has greatly expanded worldwide. It cons

Shadow education, the practice of private tutoring outside formal schooling, has become pervasive in Asia. Driven by intense exam competition and dissatisfactio

“This book gives a voice to English language teachers faced with the challenges posed by English language curriculum change. As a core component of national s