Nineteenth-century Istanbul was an intellectual hub of rich discussions about Islam, in which leading reformists had a significant role. Turkey today appears to

"Nineteenth-century Istanbul was an intellectual hub of rich discussions about Islam, in which leading reformists had a significant role. Turkey today appears t

This is the first account in English of how Islamic religious orders dating back to Ottoman times have risen to dominate and define the future of Turkey, Europe

Within Muslim populations, debates about the compatibility between science and religion tend to be framed by the long-standing competition between modernizing r

Islamic institutions have turned the Middle East into an extraordinarily repressive region. Their legacies preclude a speedy liberalization.