In 1888, there were just four British consulates in the country; by 1921 there were twenty-three. H. Lyman Stebbins investigates the development and consequence

This study of the Anglo-Iranian relationship analyses the opening up of the Karun trade, discussing the region's demography, commerce and industry before the Ka

Using newly-uncovered private papers, as well as public and private archives in three countries, this book tells the definitive history of the first discovery o

Uses political practices and a socially-oriented approach to explain imperial formation under the Qajars in early nineteenth-century Iran.

After the destructive decades following the fall of the Safavid Empire, the Qajar dynasty inherited a weakened state and the growing threat of European imperial