Investment protection treaties generally include, in one form or another, the obligation to treat investments fairly and equitably. This book examines the relat

This text analyses the conventional and customary framework of the fair and equitable treatment clauses commonly found in bilateral investment treaties (BITs) a

Drawing on a large and varied body of judicial and arbitral case law, this book provides a comprehensive, original, and up-to-date account of the role of equity

The fair and equitable treatment (‘FET’) standard is a type of protection found in BITs which has become in the last decades one of the most controversial p

The book focuses on the substantive protections accorded to investors and investments and on the variations among jurisdictions. Among the many specific issues