Bernard R. Gifford In the United States, the standardized test has become one of the major sources of information for reducing uncertainty in the determination

Linda C. Wing and Bernard R. Gifford How should a society committed to the ideas of individual merit, equal opportunity, and the free marketplace allocate scarc

The author examines the numerous facets of 'implicit intelligence policies'those unspoken directives that often profoundly influence social and educational poli

This glimpse into factories, hospitals, other work settings, and work-related literacy programs, shows the massive changes in expectations for workers' "skills"

And policy options -- Testing in transition -- Educational testing policy: The changing federal role -- Lessons from the past: A history of educational testing