How do judges sentence? This question is frequently asked but infrequently explored. What factors are taken into account? How do judges see their role? How do t

For two centuries, federal judges exercised wide discretion in criminal sentencing. In 1987 a complex bureaucratic apparatus termed Sentencing "Guidelines" was

The appropriate amount of punishment for a given crime is an issue that has been debated by scholars, philosophers and legal professionals since the beginning o

Presents research findings on city courts and their processing of misdemeanors, illuminating the conditions under which bias is maximized and minimized in the l