While there are instances where individuals or households are forcibly displaced or leave because they feel a decent life is no longer possible, migration is mo

Unveiling developmental disparities in the Middle East is essential for understanding the complex socio-economic landscape of the region, often containing criti

This open access book not only describes the challenges of climate disruption, but also presents solutions. The challenges described include air pollution, clim

Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press, 1998.

The Near East and North Africa (NENA) has always been affected and in many ways shaped by the high levels of human mobility. However, rural migration - or migra